Abstract
Abdominal pain is a frequent complaint that prompts patients to seek medical care. This vague symptom can mask serious conditions requiring urgent and accurate diagnosis for effective treatment. One of these critical conditions is non-traumatic, or spontaneous, liver rupture. Though rare and often presented with nonspecific symptoms, this life-threatening condition poses significant medical and societal challenges due to its potential for fatal outcomes if misdiagnosed. An analysis of published clinical cases and literature reviews was conducted, the main known causes of spontaneous liver rupture were identified, different clinical scenarios that clinicians may encounter were presented, and the most effective radiological diagnostic method was highlighted. The most well-documented cause of the spontaneous liver rupture in literature is eclampsia and preeclampsia in pregnant women, where diagnosis is relatively straightforward. For undisclosed reasons, the most common causes are undiagnosed focal liver lesions, including those of parasitic origin, infectious liver diseases, and visceral vessel aneurysms against the background of diseases such as polyarteritis nodosa, systemic lupus erythematosus, and liver infarctions. While ultrasound is often cited as a first-line imaging method, studies highlight its lower sensitivity and specificity compared to contrast-enhanced multislice computed tomography (MSCT). Based on the reviewed data, we conclude that contrast-enhanced MSCT is a more reliable and precise diagnostic tool for identifying spontaneous liver rupture.